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DKC Model Comparison

A pre-specified M0–M4 comparison contract with BIC, country holdout and temporal holdout—without declaring a winner before eligible data exist.

No M0–M4 winner is published. The current national series are technology-timing proxies, the two kernel regressors are highly collinear, and M4 is not identifiable without spectral and endpoint-matched measurements.

1. M0–M4

ModelParametersDescriptionCurrent statusBIC
M00nullconstant TFR comparatorComparison contract readynot scored
M11cumulative proxylegacy cumulative technology proxyComparison contract readynot scored
M22single exponentialone normalized lag kernelComparison contract readynot scored
M34base DKCtwo normalized kernels plus bounded Hill mappingComparison contract readynot scored
M48-10refined DKCT1-T12 candidate calculationNOT_IDENTIFIABLE_WITH_CURRENT_DATAnot scored

BIC = n_obs × ln(MSE) + k × ln(n_obs)

2. Pre-specified grids

Base grid

8 × 8 × 7 = 448

  • tau_B: 0.5…5 y (8)
  • tau_R: 5…25 y (8)
  • alpha: 0.1…0.7 (7)

Seven declared points have tau_B = tau_R = 5. They remain in the audit grid, but the S1 constraint excludes them from fitting: 441 admissible points.

Refined grid

6 × 6 × 5 × 6 × 4 = 4320

  • tau_B: 0.3…2 y (6)
  • tau_R: 5…20 y (6)
  • alpha: 0.2…0.6 (5)
  • n: 1.0…3.5 (6)
  • n_B: 2…5 (4)

Every point satisfies tau_R > tau_B. Beta is always derived as 1 − alpha.

3. Leakage-free evaluation order

  1. 1Lock input provenance as PROXY or measured FieldState; never merge the two classes.
  2. 2Fit each parameter candidate on training countries only.
  3. 3Hold out one complete country and evaluate it without using its outcomes in fitting.
  4. 4Repeat for every country and calculate LOOCV error and BIC without a pre-declared winner.
  5. 5For temporal validation, fit through 2015 and evaluate 2016–2024; the UN WPP 2024 projection is not an observation, so WPP scoring ends in 2023.
  6. 6Lock a forecast only after external validation and an identifiability test.

Current identifiability result

In the current monotonic technology-timing proxy, the fast and slow regressors correlate above 0.98. The positivity-constrained slow weight collapses to zero, so tau_R and the alpha/(1−alpha) split cannot be locked from this dataset. This is a result, not a missing interface value.